series

[Dylan Thurston]

On Wed, Aug 15, 2001 at 02:15:31AM -0300, Luis Pablo Michelena wrote:
> hello, i just want to ask a simple question: does somebody have or
> know where to find a haskell program that calculates the number e,
> that is the list of infinite digits? Because i think it may be
> possible to do it, but i haven't find the way to do it.

Here's a solution that uses continued fractions and uses much less
memory than the other solutions proposed, though it is slow.

Best,
	Dylan Thurston

------

> module E where
> type ContFrac = [Integer]

Compute the decimal representation of e progressively.

A continued fraction expansion for e is

[2,1,2,1,1,4,1,1,6,1,...]

> eContFrac :: ContFrac
> eContFrac = 2:aux 2 where aux n = 1:n:1:aux (n+2)

We need a general function that applies an arbitrary linear fractional
transformation to a legal continued fraction, represented as a list of
positive integers.  The complicated guard is to see if we can output a
digit regardless of what the input is; i.e., to see if the interval
[1,infinity) is mapped into [k,k+1) for some k.

> -- ratTrans (a,b,c,d) x: compute (a + bx)/(c+dx) as a continued fraction
> ratTrans :: (Integer,Integer,Integer,Integer) -> ContFrac -> ContFrac
> -- Output a digit if we can
> ratTrans (a,b,c,d) xs |
>   ((signum c == signum d) || (abs c < abs d)) && -- No pole in range
>   (c+d)*q <= a+b && (c+d)*q + (c+d) > a+b       -- Next digit is determined
>      = q:ratTrans (c,d,a-q*c,b-q*d) xs
>   where q = b `div` d
> ratTrans (a,b,c,d) (x:xs) = ratTrans (b,a+x*b,d,c+x*d) xs

Finally, we convert a continued fraction to digits by repeatedly
multiplying by 10.

> toDigits :: ContFrac -> [Integer]
> toDigits (x:xs) = x:toDigits (ratTrans (10,0,0,1) xs)

> e = toDigits eContFrac