large binaries

[Jon Cast]

Malcolm Wallace <Malcolm.Wallace@cs.york.ac.uk> wrote:
> > > > Is there some reason haskell binaries have to be statically
> > > > linked?

> It would not be entirely fair to lay all the blame for large Haskell
> binaries entirely at the door of static vs. dynamic linking.

Well, considering that compiling the C binary statically linked
produces an even bigger executable:

$ gcc -static hello.c -o hello_c
$ ls -l hello_c hello_hs
-rwxrwxr-x    1 jcast    jcast      441624 Jul 23 20:56 hello_c
-rwxrwxr-x    1 jcast    jcast      157028 Jul 18 14:08 hello_hs

I think dynamic linking is fair game :)

> After all, the Haskell version is dynamically linked against exactly
> the same shared libraries as the C version, at least on my machine:

>     ldd Hello	(Hello.hs)
>    	libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x40022000)
> 	libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40044000)
> 	/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)

> Of course, it is static linking against the *Haskell* runtime
> system, Prelude and Libraries that is the cause of binary bloat.
> Quite simply, lots of extra stuff is dragged in that isn't visible
> in the apparently simple source program.  For instance, I can find
> all the following symbols in the binary for "hello world" (compiled
> with nhc98):

>     putStr, shows, showChar, showParen, showString, fromCString,
>     toCString, hGetFileName, hPutChar, hPutStr, error, flip, id, init,
>     length, not, putChar, putStrLn, seq, show, subtract, exitWith,
>     instance Bounded Int (maxBound, minBound), instance Enum Ordering
>     (succ, pred, toEnum, fromEnum, enumFrom, enumFromThen, enumFromTo,
>     enumFromThenTo), instance Enum ErrNo (succ, pred, toEnum,
>     fromEnum, enumFrom, enumFromThen, enumFromTo, enumFromThenTo),
>     instance Monad IO (>>=, >>, return, fail), instance Eq ErrNo (==,
>     /=), instance Eq Int (==, /=), instance Eq Ordering (==, /=),
>     instance Num Int (+, -, *, negate, abs, signum, fromInteger),
>     instance Ord Int (compare, <, <=, >=, >, max, min), instance Show
>     ErrNo (show, showsPrec, showList), instance Show IOError (show,
>     showsPrec, showList), instance Show Int (show, showsPrec, showList)

Well, look at the symbols I find in the statically linked C hello
world:

_Exit _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ _IO_2_1_stderr_ _IO_2_1_stdin_
_IO_2_1_stdout_ _IO_adjust_column _IO_adjust_wcolumn _IO_cleanup
_IO_default_doallocate _IO_default_finish _IO_default_imbue
_IO_default_pbackfail _IO_default_read _IO_default_seek
_IO_default_seekoff _IO_default_seekpos _IO_default_setbuf
_IO_default_showmanyc _IO_default_stat _IO_default_sync
_IO_default_uflow _IO_default_underflow _IO_default_write
_IO_default_xsgetn _IO_default_xsputn _IO_do_write _IO_doallocbuf
_IO_fclose _IO_file_attach _IO_file_close _IO_file_close_it
_IO_file_doallocate _IO_file_finish _IO_file_fopen _IO_file_init
_IO_file_jumps _IO_file_open _IO_file_overflow _IO_file_read
_IO_file_seek _IO_file_seekoff _IO_file_setbuf _IO_file_stat
_IO_file_sync _IO_file_underflow _IO_file_write _IO_file_xsgetn
_IO_file_xsputn _IO_flockfile _IO_flush_all _IO_flush_all_linebuffered
_IO_flush_all_lockp _IO_fopen _IO_fprintf _IO_free_backup_area
_IO_free_wbackup_area _IO_ftrylockfile _IO_funlockfile _IO_fwide
_IO_getdelim _IO_getline _IO_getline_info _IO_helper_jumps
_IO_helper_overflow _IO_init _IO_init_marker _IO_init_wmarker
_IO_iter_begin _IO_iter_end _IO_iter_file _IO_iter_next
_IO_least_marker _IO_least_wmarker _IO_link_in _IO_list_all
_IO_list_all_stamp _IO_list_lock _IO_list_resetlock _IO_list_unlock
_IO_marker_delta _IO_marker_difference _IO_new_do_write _IO_new_fclose
_IO_new_file_attach _IO_new_file_close_it _IO_new_file_finish
_IO_new_file_fopen _IO_new_file_init _IO_new_file_overflow
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_IO_switch_to_backup_area _IO_switch_to_get_mode
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undefined_msg unsecure_envvars.0 unsetenv using_malloc_checking valloc
vfprintf vfscanf vsscanf walt_digits walt_digits_initialized wcrtomb
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The point is, /both/ libraries have a lot of code re-use.  Dynamic
linking puts that code re-use in some random .so in $foo/lib; static
linking puts it in your executable.  That's the major difference.
(The minor difference is that most Haskell implementations use libc
more than most C implementations use the Haskell standard libraries.)

> This is not the fault of any particular implementation - the
> ghc-built binary has a similar collection - rather it is dictated by
> the nature of the language and its standard libraries.  Because
> Prelude functions are small and re-usable, they do get used all over
> the place in the implementation of other parts of the Prelude, so
> you end up with a huge dependency graph hiding underneath the
> simplest of calls.

You mean like printf("Hello, world!\n")?

> In fact, most of the extra stuff in "Hello World" is there purely to
> handle all possible error conditions in the I/O monad.

You mean as opposed to C, where most of the extra stuff is there
purely to support number formatting?

> Several years ago, Colin Runciman and I did the experiment of
> removing all the nice error-handling stuff from the prelude (and
> eliminating a few classes too I think), to see just how small we
> could squash "Hello World".  The idea was to target embedded systems
> where memory is a scarce resource, and fancy error-reporting is
> pointless (a single red LED would do).  IIRC, we managed to achieve
> a size of 25kb, compiled with nhc98, which don't forget includes a
> bytecode interpreter in the runtime system.

> Regards,
>     Malcolm

To sum up: code re-use within a library certainly happens in more
languages than just Haskell :) So don't blame code re-use for
Haskell-specific (or non-specific) problems, because code re-use is
not a Haskell-specific cause.

Jon Cast