[Haskell-beginners] Lifting Numbers

Tue Oct 3 20:53:13 UTC 2017

1) Yes, you are correct.

2) Yes, that is fine.  Sometimes people will use operators that don't
conflict with prelude such as (+:), (-:) and (*:) to avoid these clashes.

On Tue, Oct 3, 2017 at 3:15 PM, PATRICK BROWNE <patrick.browne at dit.ie>
wrote:

> David,
> Thank you for you informative and helpful reply.
> I think that are two issues impeding my understanding of the original code.
> 1. The use of lambda
> 2. The structure of the class and instance
>
> 1. The use of lambda
> Is seems that the arguments to (+!) , below ,must be functions. I was
> trying to use values
> data Time  = Time Double
>
> type Moving v  = Time -> v
>
> (+!) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.+ (b t)
>
> b ::  Moving Double
>
> b (Time x) = x * 1.5
>
> test = (b +! b) (Time 10.0)
>
> Is my take on this correct?
>
>
> 2. The structure of the class and instance.
> Recall the original code:
>
> type Moving v = Time -> v
>
> class Number a where
> (+), (-), (*) :: a -> a -> a
> sqr, sqrt :: a -> a
> sqr a = a * a
>
> instance Number v => Number (Moving v) where
>  (+) a b = \t -> (a t) + (b t)
>  (-) a b = \t -> (a t) - (b t)
>  (*) a b = \t -> (a t) * (b t)
>  sqrt a = \t -> sqrt (a t)
>
> I believe that this would have to be changed to avoid a clash with the
> Prelude definitions.
> Is the following structuring reasonable?
>
> module MovingPoint where
> data  Time  = Time Double
> type Moving v  = Time -> v
>
> class Number a where
>  (+), (-), (*) ::  a -> a  -> a
>  sqr  ::   a -> a
>  sqrt ::  a -> a
>
> instance (Floating v) => Number (Moving v) where
>  (+) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.+ (b t)
>  (-) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.- (b t)
>  (*) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.* (b t)
>  sqr a =  \t -> (a t)  Prelude.* (a t)
>  sqrt a =  \t -> Prelude.sqrt (a t)
>
> b ::  Moving Double
> b (Time x) = x Prelude.* 1.5
> test = (b MovingPoint.+ b) (Time 10.0)
>
> Thanks,
> Pat
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On 3 October 2017 at 15:01, David McBride <toad3k at gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> You can get some intuition for how this works by replacing "Moving v"
>> with its definition "Time -> v".  Let's look at the + operation.
>>
>> class Number a where
>>   (+) :: a -> a -> a
>> instance Number v => Number (Moving v)
>> instance Number v => Number (Time -> v)
>> (+) :: Number v => (Time -> v) -> (Time -> v) -> (Time -> v)
>>
>> So each argument of + must take a Time, the end result must also take a
>> Time, and whatever each argument returns must be a Number (and thus has +
>> defined for it).  So you can sort of see how it works.  + for a Moving v
>> takes a time, then passes that time to each of its arguments, then adds the
>> result.
>>
>> (+) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.+ (b t)
>>
>> data Time = Time Double -- For example.
>>
>> Then you can make formulas that are rooted in time.  For example
>> (contrived) if you are throwing a ball, the distance of the ball from you
>> at time f could be something like the following:
>>
>> balldistance ::  Moving Double
>> balldistance (Time f) = f * 1.2
>>
>> ball1 :: Moving Double
>> ball1 = balldistance
>>
>> ball2 :: Moving Double
>> ball2 = balldistance
>>
>> -- the combined distance of both balls at time f
>> bothballs :: Moving Double
>> bothballs = ball1 + ball2
>>
>> Then you can get the combined distance of both balls after 12 seconds,
>> for example.
>>
>> test :: Double
>> test = bothballs (Time 12.0)
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> On Tue, Oct 3, 2017 at 9:07 AM, PATRICK BROWNE <patrick.browne at dit.ie>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Hi,
>>> I am trying to compile, run, and understand the following code from [1].
>>>
>>> type Moving v = Time -> v
>>>
>>> class Number a where
>>> (+), (-), (*) :: a -> a -> a
>>> sqr, sqrt :: a -> a
>>> sqr a = a * a
>>>
>>> instance Number v => Number (Moving v) where
>>>  (+) a b = \t -> (a t) + (b t)
>>>  (-) a b = \t -> (a t) - (b t)
>>>  (*) a b = \t -> (a t) * (b t)
>>>  sqrt a = \t -> sqrt (a t)
>>>
>>> I followed the compiler advice to produce the following version which
>>> compiles:
>>>
>>> {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
>>> {-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances #-}
>>> module MovingPoint where
>>> type Time  = Float -- Type synonym assumed, could it be data type??
>>> type Moving v  = Time -> v
>>>
>>> class Number a where
>>>  (+), (-), (*) ::  a -> a  -> a
>>>  sqr  ::   a -> a
>>>  sqrt ::  a -> a
>>>
>>> instance (Floating v) => Number (Moving v) where
>>>  (+) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.+ (b t)
>>>  (-) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.- (b t)
>>>  (*) a b = \t -> (a t)  Prelude.* (b t)
>>>  sqr a =  \t -> (a t)  Prelude.* (a t)
>>>  sqrt a =  \t -> Prelude.sqrt (a t)
>>>
>>> I do not know how to invoke any of the operations. In general I do know
>>> how to execute lambdas.
>>> I do not understand the bracketed pairs e.g. (a t).
>>> Any help on understanding and running the program would be appreciated.
>>> Thanks,
>>> Pat
>>>
>>>
>>> [1] Ontology for Spatio-temporal Databases
>>> http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.113
>>> .9804&rep=rep1&type=pdf
>>>
>>> This email originated from DIT. If you received this email in error,
>>> please delete it from your system. Please note that if you are not the
>>> named addressee, disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action
>>> based on the contents of this email or attachments is prohibited.
>>> www.dit.ie
>>>
>>> Is ó ITBÁC a tháinig an ríomhphost seo. Má fuair tú an ríomhphost seo
>>> trí earráid, scrios de do chóras é le do thoil. Tabhair ar aird, mura tú an
>>> seolaí ainmnithe, go bhfuil dianchosc ar aon nochtadh, aon chóipeáil, aon
>>> dáileadh nó ar aon ghníomh a dhéanfar bunaithe ar an ábhar atá sa
>>> ríomhphost nó sna hiatáin seo. www.dit.ie
>>>
>>> Tá ITBÁC ag aistriú go Gráinseach Ghormáin – DIT is on the move to
>>> Grangegorman <http://www.dit.ie/grangegorman>
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
>>> Beginners mailing list
>>> Beginners at haskell.org
>>> http://mail.haskell.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/beginners
>>>
>>>
>>
>
> This email originated from DIT. If you received this email in error,
> please delete it from your system. Please note that if you are not the
> named addressee, disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action
> based on the contents of this email or attachments is prohibited.
> www.dit.ie
>
> Is ó ITBÁC a tháinig an ríomhphost seo. Má fuair tú an ríomhphost seo trí
> earráid, scrios de do chóras é le do thoil. Tabhair ar aird, mura tú an
> seolaí ainmnithe, go bhfuil dianchosc ar aon nochtadh, aon chóipeáil, aon
> dáileadh nó ar aon ghníomh a dhéanfar bunaithe ar an ábhar atá sa
> ríomhphost nó sna hiatáin seo. www.dit.ie
>
> Tá ITBÁC ag aistriú go Gráinseach Ghormáin – DIT is on the move to
> Grangegorman <http://www.dit.ie/grangegorman>
>
-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: <http://mail.haskell.org/pipermail/beginners/attachments/20171003/45ced17c/attachment.html>