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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Here’s a little bit of background.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">C—started when Norman Ramsey and I decided to have a stab at designing a “portable assembly language”.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Our primary motivation was GHC: I wanted to clearly separate the business of turning lambda calculus into an imperative language, from that
of turning the imperative language into machine instructions for a particular CPU architecture. But our intention was that many compilers, not just GHC, could generate C--.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We published a series of papers describing why this goal is less easy than it looks (tail calls, garbage collection, exception handling, lightweight
threading).<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">But then along came LLVM. It’s goal was the same (some differences in emphasis). And LLVM “won” – it gained mindshare, a corporate sponsor,
an ecosystem. I’m quite happy about this – hundreds of person-years invested by someone else
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">😊</span><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">As a result C—is really a GHC-only language (though nothing stops other compilers from using it) <o:p></o:p></span>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="circle">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cmm is the GHC data type (defined in compiler/cmm) that represents C—syntax trees internally in GHC.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We do parse foo.cmm for a few runtime system support files; e.g. rts/Apply.cmm<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">But most Cmm is generated from STG by compiler/codeGen<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">We do CPS conversion on Cmm<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo3"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">…and then either emit LLVM, or generate assembly code directly (compiler/nativeGen)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I hope that helps a bit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Simon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> ghc-devs <ghc-devs-bounces@haskell.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Gabor Greif<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 17 July 2018 07:17<br>
<b>To:</b> Daniel Cartwright <chessai1996@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> ghc-devs@haskell.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Cmm learning tools<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">No worries! I searched for C--, which was its name back in the day. There are a bunch of other conference papers in the "GHC commentary" too.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Gabor<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Em ter, 17 de jul de 2018 às 08:00, Daniel Cartwright <<a href="mailto:chessai1996@gmail.com">chessai1996@gmail.com</a>> escreveu:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks, I'll check it out.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">P.S.: Apologies if my request seemed low-effort w.r.t. searching, I did spend a good 15 minutes doing so before asking, and was unable to find the document you just produced.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Tue, Jul 17, 2018, 1:49 AM Gabor Greif <<a href="mailto:ggreif@gmail.com" target="_blank">ggreif@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hello Daniel,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">a quick web search brought up this manual:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fresearch%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1998%2F01%2Fpal-manual.pdf&data=02%7C01%7Csimonpj%40microsoft.com%7C7bb75be5019e41da25c108d5ebace57c%7C72f988bf86f141af91ab2d7cd011db47%7C1%7C0%7C636674050179363610&sdata=FsXmfxGIxygcYNE0B%2BKEtS%2FQ%2BYVTS3FXiIkmY79avys%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/1998/01/pal-manual.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Please note that Cmm is slightly different, but it should get you started.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Gabor<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Em ter, 17 de jul de 2018 às 05:20, Daniel Cartwright <<a href="mailto:chessai1996@gmail.com" target="_blank">chessai1996@gmail.com</a>> escreveu:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hello all, I've recently become interested in learning Cmm, but cannot seem to find any concrete learning resources or extensive papers. It doesn't help that the web seems to contain a lot of useless information for a newcomer to Cmm. If
anyone could provide some reading material about Cmm, I would be most grateful.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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