<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Happy to help so far. I see your question in the comments of the code, asking why ‘flip' is needed. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div style="color: rgb(54, 54, 54); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, "Courier New", monospace; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre;" class=""><div class=""><span style="color: rgb(99, 99, 36);" class="">isAlphabetic</span> :: <span style="color: rgb(63, 151, 223);" class="">Char</span> -> <span style="color: rgb(63, 151, 223);" class="">Bool</span></div><div class="">isAlphabetic = flip elem alphabet</div></div>
<div><br class=""></div><div>Basically, it’s needed by elem here. Let’s look at the signature of elem</div><div><div><br class=""></div><div>Prelude> :t elem</div><div>elem :: (Eq a, Foldable t) => a -> t a -> Bool</div><div><br class=""></div><div>Lists [ ] qualify as a Foldable t, so in the type signature let’s replace the ’t a’ with ‘[a]’ for clarity for you.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">So, elem takes an ‘a’ as the first parameter and a 'list of a’ as the second parameter and returns a boolean. But we already have our list, and we won’t have the character we want to check until later! So, flip let’s switch that around! That way we can give elem the second parameter first, so it becomes:</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Prelude> :t (flip elem)</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">(flip elem) :: (Eq a, Foldable t) => t a -> a -> Bool</span></font></div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Or to rewrite it like we did above so it’s easier to read.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">(flip elem) :: Eq a => [a] -> a -> Bool</span></font></div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">If you look at the function ‘flip’ you’ll see this.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Prelude> :t flip</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><br class=""></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">As a beginner it might be easier for you to read if I make this small change.</span></font></div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> (a -> c)</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">So flip takes a function which takes an ‘a’ and takes a ‘b’ and returns a ‘c’,</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> it takes a ‘b’, puts that ‘b’ into the function you supplied,</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> and then returns to you a function which takes an ‘a’ and returns a ‘c’.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">So, if you don’t have flip in there</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="caret-color: rgb(54, 54, 54); color: rgb(54, 54, 54); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">elem alphabet</span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Then you are trying to give a list to elem in the position of it’s first parameter.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Does that help? </div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><div>Best regards,</div><div>Daniel van de Ghinste</div><div><br class=""></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="caret-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 21 May 2020, at 08:36, chrysaetos99 <<a href="mailto:chrysaetos99@posteo.de" class="">chrysaetos99@posteo.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" class="">
<div class=""><p class="">Hi,</p><p class="">thank you for your feedback Daniel an Toz. I now used (most of)
your suggestions to improve the code.</p><p class="">You can find the result as an attachment.</p><p class="">Can I improve this even further? Also, I have put a question in
the code (as a comment). Could anyone answer</p><p class="">that one also?</p><p class="">I would appreciate any answers, and thanks again for your effort.</p><p class="">chrysaetos99</p><p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 21.05.20 02:04, 鲍凯文 wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAMjcG+E_0PNZQzukikvOD8dVGWLU4Ov3SEXme-PFPEJ1s5RUQw@mail.gmail.com" class="">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class="">Hi,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">For what it's worth, Daniel's suggestion of:</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">```haskell</div>
<div class="">isAlphabetic char = elem char ['A'..'Z']</div>
<div class="">```</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">does read nicer but would have to traverse `['A'..'Z']`
every time. I think what you have is fine, and although
relational and boolean operators are also in imperative
languages, they behave as pure functions even in imperative
languages if subexpressions don't cause side effects. I don't
think it's unidiomatic, and especially in this case, "between
A and Z" means the same thing as "is one of the letters A, B,
C...Z", so the intent of the function is clear as written.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Best of all would probably be using `isAlpha` from
`Data.Char` (in `base`).</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Best,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">toz</div>
<br class="">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, May 20, 2020 at 2:41
PM <<a href="mailto:beginners-request@haskell.org" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">beginners-request@haskell.org</a>>
wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
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Today's Topics:<br class="">
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1. Code Review of Caesar-Cipher (chrysaetos99)<br class="">
2. Re: Code Review of Caesar-Cipher (Daniel van de
Ghinste)<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br class="">
<br class="">
Message: 1<br class="">
Date: Wed, 20 May 2020 20:26:37 +0200<br class="">
From: chrysaetos99 <<a href="mailto:chrysaetos99@posteo.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">chrysaetos99@posteo.de</a>><br class="">
To: <a href="mailto:beginners@haskell.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">beginners@haskell.org</a><br class="">
Subject: [Haskell-beginners] Code Review of Caesar-Cipher<br class="">
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:cd08aa1e-1c9b-a609-15df-5bf37508cb96@posteo.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">cd08aa1e-1c9b-a609-15df-5bf37508cb96@posteo.de</a>><br class="">
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; Format="flowed"<br class="">
<br class="">
Background<br class="">
----------<br class="">
I am a total beginner in Haskell, so after reading the
"Starting <br class="">
out"-chapter of "Learn you a Haskell", I wanted to create my
first <br class="">
program that actually does something.<br class="">
<br class="">
I decided to do the famous Caesar-Cipher.<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
Code<br class="">
----<br class="">
See attachment.<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
Question(s)<br class="">
<br class="">
-----------<br class="">
<br class="">
- How can this code be improved in general?<br class="">
- Do I follow the style guide of Haskell (indentation,
etc.)?<br class="">
- I have a background in imperative languages. Did I do
something that <br class="">
is untypical for functional programming languages?<br class="">
<br class="">
I would appreciate any suggestions.<br class="">
<br class="">
---<br class="">
<br class="">
Please note: I also asked this question on <br class="">
<a href="https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/242529/caesar-cipher-implementation" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/242529/caesar-cipher-implementation</a>,
<br class="">
but didn't receive an answer that really answered all my
questions.<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
Kind regards<br class="">
<br class="">
chrysaetos99<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
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<br class="">
------------------------------<br class="">
<br class="">
Message: 2<br class="">
Date: Wed, 20 May 2020 23:37:18 +0200<br class="">
From: Daniel van de Ghinste <<a href="mailto:danielvandeghinste@gmail.com" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">danielvandeghinste@gmail.com</a>><br class="">
To: The Haskell-Beginners Mailing List - Discussion of
primarily<br class="">
beginner-level topics related to Haskell <<a href="mailto:beginners@haskell.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">beginners@haskell.org</a>><br class="">
Subject: Re: [Haskell-beginners] Code Review of
Caesar-Cipher<br class="">
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:E33F7055-8525-4E09-97E2-3947848F4012@gmail.com" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">E33F7055-8525-4E09-97E2-3947848F4012@gmail.com</a>><br class="">
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br class="">
<br class="">
I’m no guru, so somebody please feel free to correct my
advice here. I’m trying to get a bit more active in reading
these mailing lists and giving advice as I believe it’ll
help me become better in my own understnading. <br class="">
<br class="">
First thing, well done! It works! Nice job for the beginning
of your haskell journey :) Ill be focusing on your first and
third question. Your indentations seem fine here so far.<br class="">
<br class="">
There are many different approaches you could take as you
learn more, but here are some things I noticed:<br class="">
<br class="">
******************** 1)<br class="">
isAlphabetic :: Char -> Bool<br class="">
isAlphabetic char = char >= 'A' && char <= ‘Z'<br class="">
<br class="">
I feel this would be more readable as a literal, though you
function works. The <= && => feel very much
like imperative style to me<br class="">
<br class="">
isAlphabetic :: Char -> Bool<br class="">
isAlphabetic char = elem char ['A'..'Z']<br class="">
<br class="">
That feel nicer to me. ‘Elem' works like ‘in’ in some other
languages and has the type: <br class="">
elem :: (Eq a, Foldable t) => a -> t a -> Bool<br class="">
<br class="">
Lists are a ‘foldable t’ as would be a binary tree (or some
other type of tree). Just think of ‘foldable’ as something
you can iterate over/through. It as something you can
iterate over.<br class="">
<br class="">
The ‘..’ Syntax in the expression [‘A’..’Z’] works on any
type which is a member of the ‘Enum’ type class, which is to
say it has some type of successor/predecessor order. A comes
after b, c comes after b and so on. <br class="">
So typing [‘A’..’Z’] just creates a literal list of the
characters from ‘A’ to ‘Z’.<br class="">
<br class="">
Come to think of it, the above would be even nicer if you
wrote it in ‘point free style’ (notice the lack of a ‘char’
in my expected isAlphabetic function parameters, despite it
being in the type signature) which would require you to
‘flip’ the elem function so the Char becomes the second
argument expected rather than the first<br class="">
<br class="">
alphabetLength :: Int<br class="">
alphabetLength = length alphabet<br class="">
<br class="">
alphabet :: [Char]<br class="">
alphabet = ['A'..'Z']<br class="">
<br class="">
isAlphabetic :: Char -> Bool<br class="">
isAlphabetic = flip elem alphabet<br class="">
<br class="">
****************************** 2)<br class="">
Try to avoid so much logic in your encrypt and decrypt
functions (nested ‘if’ ’then’ ‘else’ makes it harder to
follow). Also, I don’t know why you are having your
functions here return an Int and letting your ‘encrypt’ and
‘decrypt’ functions do the work of changing them back into a
Char. It seems to me if you give a Char to your encryptChar
function, you should get back an encrypted Char. Make these
functions below finish their work. I assume you were
tripping yourself up with what to return if isAlphabetic is
false, but just return the char value unchanged. Then the
type signature of these 2 functions below could be Char
-> Int -> Char instead<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
encryptChar :: Char -> Int -> Int<br class="">
encryptChar char shift = if isAlphabetic char
-- Only encrypt A...Z<br class="">
then (if ord char + shift >
ord 'Z' -- "Z" with shift 3 becomes "C" and not
"]" <br class="">
then ord char + shift -
alphabetLength<br class="">
else ord char + shift)<br class="">
else ord char<br class="">
<br class="">
decryptChar :: Char -> Int -> Int<br class="">
decryptChar char shift = if isAlphabetic char<br class="">
then (if ord char - shift <
ord 'A'<br class="">
then ord char - shift +
alphabetLength<br class="">
else ord char - shift)<br class="">
else ord char<br class="">
<br class="">
Also, notice how similar the 2 functions are. These could be
combined. The only difference between them is the ‘+’ and
‘-‘ operations switching. Maybe something like the following<br class="">
shiftChar :: Int -> Char -> Char<br class="">
shiftChar n c<br class="">
| isAlphabetic c = chr ((((ord c + n) - base) `mod`
alphabetLength) + base)<br class="">
| otherwise = c<br class="">
where base = 65<br class="">
This version works for negative or positive values of n. So
it can be used to encrypt and decrypt. My brackets are a bit
ugly, but I’m getting lazy (it’s late here). <br class="">
The use of `mod` here (the infix version of the modulo
operator, % in some other languages like python) means we
can accept arbitrarily large values of n to our function,
and it just wraps around. <br class="">
We can also accept negative values.<br class="">
The pipe syntax ‘|’ is just a neater way of doing if else
statements (see guards for more info)<br class="">
The 65 here is because ‘ord' is defined for all possible
Char values. You’re defining your valid range for this
cipher to capital alphabetic characters, which starts at 65:<br class="">
<br class="">
*Main> fmap ord ['A'..'Z']<br class="">
[65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90]
— the corresponding number for each capital letter in order.<br class="">
<br class="">
If you haven’t come across fmap yet, it’s the same as map
for lists, but you can use it on structures other than lists
- see Functors later in your Haskell education :) <br class="">
basically it applies the function to each of the value in
the list here<br class="">
<br class="">
************************************ 3)<br class="">
Lastly, your encrypt and decrypt functions<br class="">
encrypt :: String -> Int -> String<br class="">
encrypt string shift = [chr (encryptChar (toUpper x) shift)
| x <- string] -- "Loop" through string to encrypt char
by char<br class="">
<br class="">
decrypt :: String -> Int -> String<br class="">
decrypt string shift = [chr (decryptChar (toUpper x) shift)
| x <- string]<br class="">
<br class="">
I like your use of list comprehensions here :) though as
mentioned before I don’t think you should be using the chr
function here, rather your encryptChar and decryptChar
functions should be doing that to the values they return.<br class="">
<br class="">
Because I changed other pieces in the code, I’ll show you
another way of doing this part now.<br class="">
<br class="">
encrypt' :: Int -> String -> String<br class="">
encrypt' x = fmap (shiftChar x)<br class="">
<br class="">
decrypt' :: Int -> String -> String<br class="">
decrypt' x = encrypt' (negate x)<br class="">
<br class="">
Here I’m using ‘point free’ style again only referencing the
first of the two parameters expected by encrypt’. Because we
changed our other function in answer ******2 on this mail,
encrypt’ and decrypt’ are just the inverse of each other. So
decrypt' is defined in terms of encrypt’ but just negates
the number passed to encrypt’. As you might expect, negate
just makes positive numbers negative, and negative ones
positive. <br class="">
<br class="">
In encrypt’ I also use fmap again, because in Haskell a
String is just a type alias for a list of Characters ( type
String = [Char]), so we are just mapping the function
shiftChar, with the number already baked in, to each
character in the list of character (string) which will be
passed to this function.<br class="">
<br class="">
Please find attached my edits to your source file if you
wanna see it in full and play around with it.<br class="">
<br class="">
Best regards,<br class="">
Lord_Luvat<br class="">
<br class="">
P.S. Let me know if I’m a bad teacher, or pitching this
response at the wrong level :) I’m trying to learn here too.<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
> On 20 May 2020, at 20:26, chrysaetos99 <<a href="mailto:chrysaetos99@posteo.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">chrysaetos99@posteo.de</a>>
wrote:<br class="">
> <br class="">
> Background<br class="">
> ----------<br class="">
> I am a total beginner in Haskell, so after reading the
"Starting out"-chapter of "Learn you a Haskell", I wanted to
create my first program that actually does something.<br class="">
> <br class="">
> I decided to do the famous Caesar-Cipher.<br class="">
> <br class="">
> <br class="">
> Code<br class="">
> ----<br class="">
> See attachment.<br class="">
> <br class="">
> <br class="">
> Question(s)<br class="">
> <br class="">
> -----------<br class="">
> <br class="">
> - How can this code be improved in general?<br class="">
> - Do I follow the style guide of Haskell (indentation,
etc.)?<br class="">
> - I have a background in imperative languages. Did I do
something that is untypical for functional programming
languages?<br class="">
> <br class="">
> I would appreciate any suggestions.<br class="">
> <br class="">
> ---<br class="">
> <br class="">
> Please note: I also asked this question on <a href="https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/242529/caesar-cipher-implementation" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/242529/caesar-cipher-implementation</a>,
but didn't receive an answer that really answered all my
questions.<br class="">
> <br class="">
> <br class="">
> Kind regards<br class="">
> <br class="">
> chrysaetos99<br class="">
> <br class="">
> <br class="">
>
<caesar.hs>_______________________________________________<br class="">
> Beginners mailing list<br class="">
> <a href="mailto:Beginners@haskell.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">Beginners@haskell.org</a><br class="">
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*****************************************<br class="">
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
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<span id="cid:E01E4420-B048-4D7C-A4AA-357D6C2E03FF"><caesar.hs></span>_______________________________________________<br class="">Beginners mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Beginners@haskell.org" class="">Beginners@haskell.org</a><br class="">http://mail.haskell.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/beginners<br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>