<div dir="ltr"><div>I am trying to understand how to interpret type variables in Haskell class declarations from a <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=1EA31D76684217BC728F916144BC6C38?doi=10.1.1.109.6853&rep=rep1&type=pdf">paper</a>. <br></div><div>With respect to the code below I have the following questions:<br></div><div>1. What is the difference between "a b" in the header of the Container class and "a b" in the signature of the class methods? Does the whitespace in header mean 2 distinct types and in the methods mean function application?</div><div>2. In the Boathouse class what is the difference between the first ocurance of "b p" and the second bracketed "(b p)"?</div><div>3. When I try to make instance of these classes I seem to need FlexibleInstances. Why is this?</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}</div><div>-- Containers a b stands for all container types a holding things of type b.<br></div><div>-- from :info command a has kind *->*, b has kind *</div><div>class Containers a b where</div><div> insert :: b -> a b -> a b</div><div> remove :: b -> a b -> a b</div><div> whatsIn :: a b -> [b]</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>class Surfaces a b where</div><div> put :: b -> a b -> a b</div><div> takeOff :: b -> a b -> a b</div><div> whatsOn :: a b -> [b]</div><div><br></div><div>-- from :info command "p" has kind *, "h" and "b" have kind *->*</div><div>class People p</div><div>class Containers h p => Houses h p where </div><div>class (People p, Surfaces h p) => Boats h p where </div><div>class (Boats b p,Houses h (b p)) => BoatHouses h b p where</div><div>class (People p, Houses h (b p),Boats b p) => HouseBoats h b p</div></div>
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